REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BRUNEL UNIVERSITY
UXBRIDGE MIDDLESEX UB8 3PH
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE MODULE
DESIGN APPLICATIONS ELEMENT
INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP WORK
MSc in Biomedical Engineering
ME5531
SESSION 2021/2022
DR I GILCHRIST
| This material is available in the Design Applications Module Manual. See the Module Manual for more details. NOTE: PRINTED COPIES OF THE MODULE MANUAL WILL NOT BE UPDATED. NEW COURSE INFORMATION IS ONLY AVAILABLE ON BLACKBOARD LEARN. |
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REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
THE COMPANY PRACTICE
SECTION OF THIS MODULE IS
CONCERNED WITH DESIGN
MANAGEMENT
THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS
SECTION OF THE MODULE IS
CONCERNED WITH THE
DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
THIS PRESENTATION WILL
DEAL WITH THE DESIGN
APPLICATIONS
ELEMENT
OF THE ME5531 DESIGN AND
MANUFACTURE MODULE.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
DESIGN APPLICATIONS ELEMENT: MANUAL
Download the Design Applications Element Manual from Blackboard
Or go to:
http://www.edu.crestcons.com/ME5531Online2122/website/DesignAp
plicationsManualsAndSchedules/index.htm
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Password: documents
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
DESIGN APPLICATIONS ELEMENT: OVERALL
STRUCTURE
THERE ARE TWO PARTS TO THE DESIGN
APPLICATIONS ELEMENT.
These are
A Taught Lecture Programme
A Group Design Project
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
DESIGN APPLICATIONS ELEMENT: TAUGHT LECTURE
PROGRAMME
• This element of the module will be delivered by Dr I Gilchrist
• It will include a series of lectures on Engineering Design
Practice in the Biomedical Engineering Context.
• The examples and cases studies used include a renal
dialysis machine.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
LECTURE PROGRAMME
The practice of engineering design in the medical environment brings many
challenges and a rigorous approach is required. Lecture topics may include:
The influence of the Craft approach in Biomedical Engineering
The Design Process
Dealing with Consultants and the Medical Establishment
Control of Clinical Excellence
Analysis and Synthesis of Data
Control and Management
Design Specification and the Design Brief
Generation of Alternative Solutions
Feasibility Studies and Design Selection
Body defences and Medical Devices
Medical Compatibility
Design Analysis
Embodiment Design
Implementation and Validation
Case studies may include:
Sterilisation Requirements
The physiological effects of lung ventilation and ventilator design
Microshock and its consequences
Operating Theatre design
Slides used for the lecture presentations will be placed on Blackboard Learn
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
DESIGN APPLICATIONS ELEMENT: GROUP PROJECT
Summary of what has previously been said regarding the
group projects
• Each group project is divided into two elements
• The first element of the project requires each student to conduct
individual research in an area which is relevant to the group
project
• The second element requires all students to work together on the
group project topic. During this stage they will all make use of the
research that each individual member has conducted
• Each student submits an individual presentation or written report
in which he or she describes both the group work and his or her
individual research.
• Both sections are equally weighted in terms of marks
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
DESIGN APPLICATIONS ELEMENT: GROUP PROJECT
STRUCTURE AND CONTEXT
• Each project is divided into two elements.
• The first element requires each student individually to conduct
research on just one of four different research topics described in
the brief.
• The second element requires all students to work together on the
group project topic.
• During this second stage the students will all make use of all the
research that each individual member has produced
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
DESIGN APPLICATIONS ELEMENT: GROUP PROJECT
HOW TO ORGANISE YOUR WORK
• Each of you is submitting a single individual report or
presentation on the group project described above
• In order to lessen individual work and spread resources more
evenly each member of the group is required to undertake
individual research into only one of the delegated research topics
described below.
• There should be a different topic for each student.
• When you write up the work in your group project report or
presentation, it is recommended that you divide it into two parts.
• Part A describes your individual research on your delegated
research topic only. Part B is your personal description of the
work of the whole group, and how the results of each of the
individual research themes has contributed to the group project
and to the work of the group.
• Both parts are equally weighted in terms of marks
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
GROUP PROJECT BRIEF
AND DELEGATED RESEARCH
TOPICS
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
YOUR GROUP PROJECT BRIEF
The major group project will be that of the Design Assessment of a
Renal Dialysis Machine. You will be given access to such a machine
at Hammersmith Hospital and information will be also available on
Blackboard Learn.
You may consider yourselves to be a team employed by a
competing firm who is aiming to enter the market with a new and
improved design. To do this effectively it is necessary to satisfy two
objectives
One of these is the design analysis of an existing design. Working
backwards from a list of the individual parts you are required to
reconstruct a design tree which specifies the functions of each part in
the subsystem and the subsystems of which the parts are composed,
then the role of the subsystems themselves, how they fit together and
finally how well the machine satisfies the overall need.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
YOUR GROUP PROJECT BRIEF
The second requirement is to conduct a critical analysis of the
existing design and the creation of a Product Design Specification for
the new and improved design. Inadequacies in the existing design
should be noted and how these have been resolved should be
described.
Your report must contain a full description of the design
assessment process as well as making overall recommendations for
the new design.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
YOUR DELEGATED RESEARCH TOPICS
Each student selects only one of these
TOPIC E: ANALYSIS OF CURRENT RENAL DIALYSERS AND THEIR
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.
Dr. Willem Kolff, a Dutch physician, constructed the first working dialyzer
in 1943 during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. Due to the scarcity
of available resources, Kolff had to improvise and build the initial machine
using sausage casings, beverage cans, a washing machine and various
other items which were available at the time.
Review the historic role and function of the dialyser and discuss how the
design of the dialyser has improved over the intervening period. Describe
the problems encountered with previous dialysers and discuss how these
have been resolved. Indicate the problems that remain.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
TOPIC F: BLOOD AND DIALYSATE PUMPING AND FLOW SYSTEMS
IN RENAL DIALYSIS: CURRENT AND PAST ISSUES.
A Dialysis Machine is an artificial kidney that treats the blood in people
with inadequate kidney function. The dialysis machine has two systems –
the extracorporeal (outside the body) circuit and the dialysate delivery
system. The extracorporeal circuit is the tubing, blood pump, heparin
(blood thinner) pump, dialyzer and it monitors for blood flow, blood
pressure, and air bubbles. The dialysate delivery system of the machine
mixes the dialysate concentrate with purified water and circulates it
through the system. Dialysis Machines are processor-based pieces of
equipment incorporating electromechanically controlled extracorporeal
blood paths that use pumps and semi permeable dialyzer membranes to
filter the patient’s blood. From an operational perspective, dialysis
equipment must meet specific safety criteria, one of which is single-fault
tolerance. Therefore, no single point of failure in the pumps, motors, tubes,
or electronics will endanger the patient or expose them to a hazardous
condition. This means that there will be several redundant components
and circuits, as well as “watchdog” managed disengage mechanisms in
the system. These devices may include both active and passive
components such as Control devices, sensors, motors, heaters, pumps,
and valve drivers. In order to operate effectively both systems must be
correctly matched to the patient’s needs. If the flow of blood between the
needles in an arteriovenous fistula is sluggish, it might lead to blood clots.
This would seem more likely in the US, where blood flows of just
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
550ml/min are normal, than outside the US, where between needle flows
are more in the range of 700 ml/min. You are required to carry out a
critical review of blood and dialysate circulation systems, including the
interface with the patient through needles, catheters, or other devices.
Discuss the medical and mechanical problems that might occur and make
suggestions for improvement.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
TOPIC G: PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND COMPLICATIONS OF
RENAL DIALYSIS.
Dialysis is a lifesaving treatment for those with end stage renal disease.
However, with both peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis, there are
occasions when a patient may have side effects from the treatment. These
side effects can be mild or severe, depending on the patient’s condition
and whether or not they are following their dietary and fluid restrictions.
Most of these side effects can be managed if the patient carefully follows
their health care team’s recommendations regarding diet and fluid intake.
Consider these side effects and dietary demands. Discuss the regimes
that must be imposed if satisfactory treatment is to take place.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
TOPIC H: SUPPORT AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR
RENAL DIALYSIS
Dialysis and transplantation facilities are expensive all over the world. This
is particularly felt in a country that has financial constraints, and where
health and education services seem to suffer the most. In Pakistan, the
cost of dialysis per patient is approximately $3000 per year, which is about
eight times the average annual per capita income. Whether treatment is
provided at a public or a private hospital, the expense is passed on to the
taxpayers or the philanthropists. Most of the patients are dialysed twice
weekly, i.e. 8 hours per week. However, with a new government
sponsored programme more patients are now getting thrice weekly
bicarbonate dialysis. Over 90% of centres reuse dialysers. In most of the
centres this reuse is through manual cleaning of the dialyser, only four
centres are using automated cleaning systems. Most of the centres,
particularly in cities, have a reverse osmosis system. However, cost and
the purity of the dialysis solution are a particular issue. Even though the
cost of a single use dialyser is small, the total cost may be significant
when it is accounted for on an annual basis.
Examine the support and maintenance requirements for renal dialysis in a
developed country such as the UK and discuss how these should be
applied to developing countries
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
PLAN YOUR PROJECT
When you plan your project decide on a particular date by which all your
work on your individual research topics has been completed.
This will allow you to concentrate the remainder of your time to working
together on the group project
I will call this date the “exchange date” and I will ask you to tell me what
date you have set.
I will also be giving you lectures on design project planning.
In addition, I will be asking you to use tools such as weekly “Objective
Review Sheets” to monitor progress.
The relevant “Objective Review Sheet” is on blackboard or at
http://www.edu.crestcons.com/ME5531Online2122/website/ModuleProject
Management/index.htm
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS
Each delegated research topic gives you expertise in a particular area
which is relevant to your main project.
Each student is expected to present your work in an individual written
report covering the group and individual sections of the work.
A guide length of up to 3500 words is suggested for each individual report
but longer or shorter reports will not be penalised for variation in length.
The suggested format for your presentation or report is given in the
appropriate section of this Design and Manufacture Module Manual. Use
appendices for detailed and supplementary information where appropriate.
Material you submit counts as part of the course assignment for the
degree classification and reports will therefore not be returned to you. You
are advised to keep a separate copy for your own information.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
REPORT CONTEXT
Remember that in this group project element, your group is acting as an
EXTERNAL team of consultants to the company on implementing new
techniques.
AUDIENCE
The reports and presentations are intended for submission to the
Company Board and to Senior Managers. Some will be expert in the
topics you are considering but others will have no more than a lay
knowledge.
Each of your submissions or presentations must be comprehensible to all
members of the panel. However, remember that this is also an academic
exercise.
Therefore, the assessment will be on the QUALITY of your work rather
than on the comprehensiveness of the results.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
RENAL DIALYSIS
PROCEDURES
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
RENAL DIALYSIS PROCEDURES
RENAL DIALYSIS PROCEDURE – WHAT EXACTLY IS INVOLVED
Principles
This kidney dialysis procedure is performed 3 times a week with the
help of a dialysis technician.
What this procedure does is remove the waste products of the body’s
normal metabolism from the blood stream.
The kidneys’ remove waste products from the blood twenty-four hours a
day seven days a week. In other words, it does this process slowly and
continuously.
So, when a kidney dialysis procedure is performed on a patient it is
completed in about 3 to 4 hours.
Because of the rapid cleaning of the blood the patient can suffer from
side effects such as nausea and headaches. Either a dialysis nurse or
dialysis technician will help patients through this.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
RENAL DIALYSIS PROCEDURES
Kidney Dialysis Procedure – Ways to Augment It
Dialysis alone does not effectively remove all the waste from the body,
and in between treatments toxins and waste products continue to build
in the body.
One way to assist the body in between dialysis appointments is to eat a
physician approved renal diet.
A dialysis diet will limit the waste produced, maintain a balance of
electrolytes, minerals, and fluid in patients who are on dialysis.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
RENAL DIALYSIS
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
RENAL DIALYSIS
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
RENAL DIALYSIS PROCEDURES
HOW THE KIDNEY DIALYSIS PROCEDURE IS PERFORMED
The patient is prepped for their treatment by having their AV shunt or
catheter accessed by a nurse.
At this point a dialysis technician may take over to observe the patient and
machine during the procedure. The patient may need medicine for nausea
during the procedure, so the technician and nurse communicate frequently
during the dialysis treatment.
Many patients will have what is called an arterio/venous shunt in one of
their arms. What this does is allow for a large bore needle to be inserted
into this shunt for the dialysis procedure. The blood will then be pulled
through the dialysis machine and cleansed before being returned to the
body.
For others, catheters may be used
For those with end stage renal disease the kidney dialysis procedure is
literally a life preserving action.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
RENAL DIALYSIS PROCEDURES
As well as conducting a Design Analysis you will be required to address
major areas of concern. Four topics have been identified.
Each member of the team gives an individual presentation or written report
on the group project and their individual research and how this is
incorporated into the group project
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
RENAL DIALYSIS PROCEDURES
HOW TO USE THE INFORMATION YOU GAIN IN YOUR INDIVIDUAL
RESEARCH TOPICS IN THE GROUP PROJECT
Combine the specialised expertise you have individually gained when you
work together on your group project to produce a unified report and the
best result.
WE WOULD HAVE HOPED TO VISIT THE RENAL DIALYSIS UNIT IN
HAMMERSMITH HOSPITAL. BECAUSE OF THE COVID PANDEMIC
ALTERNATIVE ARRANGEMENTS ARE BEING MADE
Since you do not know in detail the current company resources and
practices, begin your work by researching into the current state of the art in
your research topic areas and then make recommendations relevant to the
company on the basis of this research
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
RESOURCES
Many more resources are available at:
http://www.edu.crestcons.com/ME5531Online2122/website/ModuleIn
dustrialVisits/HammersmithVisit/hammersmith.htm
Username: education
Password: documents
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS
AND ADVICE
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
AUDIENCE
All of the reports or presentations are intended for submission to the Company
Board and to Senior Managers.
Some will be expert in the topics you are considering but others will have no more
than a lay knowledge. A suggested format for your reports is given in the
appropriate section of the Design and Manufacture Module Manual.
Each of your individual submissions must be comprehensible to all members of
the panel.
However, remember that this is also an academic exercise. Therefore, the
assessment will be on the QUALITY of your work rather than on the
comprehensiveness of the results.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
LENGTH AND IDENTIFICATION OF WORK IN WRITTEN REPORTS
Where a written report is required a guide length of 3500 words for the individual
report is suggested, but longer or shorter reports will not be penalised for variation
in length. Use appendices for detailed and supplementary information where
appropriate.
Your report and presentation counts, as part of the course assignment for the
degree classification and reports will therefore not be returned to you. You are
advised to keep a separate copy for your own information.
You are required to work as effectively as possible in the present circumstances
as a group in preparing the group written report. However, it is necessary to be
able to identify individual contributions to the group work.
Therefore, your report must include:
• A preface which indicates how the work was divided up between the
members of the group.
• A name against each section of the work indicating who has completed it
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
SUGGESTED REPORT STRUCTURE
You are advised that the marking scheme will use these criteria. However,
you do not have to follow this.
Introduction: You describe the scope of your individual research and the group
project
Part A: Your Individual Research Topic
History and Research: An extended literature review considering historical
development and current research
Examination of current practice, and the state-of-the-art: This should be
based on the specified theme of research and includes recent papers on each
topic.
Overall Assessment of the Current Situation: This should review the current
medical, social, and governmental strategies, relevant to your research topic,
indicating the strengths, deficiencies and missed opportunities that have been
encountered.
Relevance to the Group Project, this should be your consideration of how the
information you have gained should be used in the Group Project
Conclusions: Which briefly and succinctly present the results of your work
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
Part B: Your report on the Group Work
Further review of current practice, and the state-of-the-art: This should be a
wide based review which incorporates the results of all of the specified themes of
research
Overall Assessment of the Current Situation: This should review the current
medical, social, and governmental strategies on renal dialysis, indicating the
strengths, deficiencies and missed opportunities that have been encountered.
Design Assessment of the existing machine: This should report in detail the
design assessment procedure that has been undertaken, including comments and
results.
Design Requirements and Improvements: This should examine the contents of
the two previous sections and make specific recommendations for implementation
of new procedures in the design, development and use of renal dialysis machines.
Setting of Future Strategy: This section should look more broadly at current and
future issues. The opportunity for developing new markets should be considered
and you should discuss how effective renal dialysis could be brought to a much
larger section of the world’s population
PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR A NEW MACHINE: This is the key
purpose of the group project and a Product Design Specification, which
draws together all the work which has been carried out MUST be included
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
Discussion: This should examine advantages, difficulties, and potential scope of
all the systems, designs and procedures put forward.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Give the conclusions reached and the
recommendations for future work.
PLEASE REMEMBER
You are only asked to write up your own research.
You are not required to summarise the research work of
everyone else
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL
A series of Design Applications Exercises are available on Blackboard
Learn:
These are also available at:
http://www.edu.crestcons.com/ME5531Online2122/website/Design
ApplicationsExercises/index.htm
Use this information to research into the state of the art in your research
topic areas
ME5531 2021/2022 Login Data
Web address: www.edu.crestcons.com/ME5531Online2122
Username: education
Password: documents
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
It is essential that you consult the additional information in the
module company practice manual
It is also essential that you make full use for the design applications
exercises which form part of this module and are available on
blackboard or the website, since much more information is given in
these
Key dates
All submissions must be submitted on Wiseflow before the date and
time specified on blackboard learn
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENT PROFILE AND SCOPE
This module has three elements: Each element is taught in different ways
You are required to conduct extended literature surveys and organise your
own work
The work is carried out as though you are in a company environment
In one element you act as a team of designers WITHIN the company on the
design of a new product. In the second element you act as an individual
consultant; EXTERNAL to the company on implementing new techniques
The third element is concerned with Manufacturing Processes and
Computer Aided Design.
The work is being presented to the Company board
Remember that for Academic purposes it is the QUALITY of the work and
not the quantity that is important
The delegated research topics give you expertise in particular areas which
are relevant to your group project.
Combine the specialised expertise you have personally gained when you
come to work together on your group project so that you create a unified
outcome and the best result.
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
| MODULE HEALTH WARNING MARKS FOR THIS MODULE ARE AWARDED FOR THE WAY IN WHICH YOU APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE YOU HAVE GAINED TO THE ASSIGNMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN SET NO MARKS ARE GIVEN FOR WORK WHICH SIMPLY DESCRIBES THE PROCESSES THAT ARE INVOLVED |
REMEMBER THAT THE DESIGN APPLICATIONS SECTION OF THE MODULE IS CONCERNED
WITH THE DESIGN OF A PRODUCT
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